The paper considers an example of solving a plane problem of the theory of plasticity as applied to concrete, which occurs when an absolutely rigid stamp acts on a concrete base. In this case, the solution was sought in the form of isolines of characteristics, the position of which made it possible to determine the stress state of the foundation. In this case, three areas were distinguished, differing in the stressed state. In the work, it was possible to analyze the effect of friction on the surface of the stamp on the boundaries of these regions and the isolines of stresses in them. Three conditions were considered: friction is absent, friction is constant, friction is proportional to the greater principal stress. The influence of various boundary conditions on the surface of the stamp on the stress state of the concrete base is revealed.

Keywords: concrete, theory of plasticity, plane problem, stress-strain state, stresses, friction, corner punch

In the field of design and construction of transport facilities, in particular railway transport, Industry 4.0 technologies are gradually being used. In the transport industry, the concept of "digital twins" - a computer representation of a real object - has become especially widespread. The basis for "digital twins" are information models (TIM-models). At the present stage of the development of these technologies, the method of applying TIM for linear-broaching objects has not been worked out to the end. This paper considers the experience of designing railway infrastructure facilities using information modeling technologies in Russia and in the world. The concept of the methodology for the practical implementation of information modeling technology for railway infrastructure facilities at the design stage is proposed. The main limitations of the presented methodology and ways to overcome them are considered.

Keywords: BIM, information model, railways, railway information modeling technologies, information modeling methodology

The possibility and expediency of switching from qualitative regulation of heat supply to quantitative in centralized heat supply systems for the existing network from the district boiler house No. 1364 of Volgograd is substantiated. The main advantages and disadvantages of each method of regulating heat supply to consumers are considered. The basic formulas for determining the thermal loads required depending on the outside air temperature, the hydraulic calibration calculation of the existing network from boiler house No. 1364 are described. Volgograd, determination of the internal hydraulic characteristics of the resistance of the heat network and determination of the required hydraulic regime for consumers of the microdistrict No. 1364, depending on the change in coolant flow due to the regulation of the speed of rotation of the pump impeller. As a result, the implementation of the transition from a qualitative to a quantitative method of regulating heat release is possible without serious hydraulic interventions.

Keywords: heat supply, control methods, heat carrier temperature, heat carrier consumption, boiler room, heat network, pump, frequency-controlled drive, hydraulic modes, thermal energy saving

One of the methods for strengthening connections in steel trusses made of cold-formed welded profiles is the use of plate overlays. This article presents their influence on increasing the strength of connections according to the criterion of bearing capacity under compression. The investigations were conducted using the component finite element method. The obtained dependencies of the increase in bearing capacity are demonstrated based on the width and angle of the brace connection. An engineering methodology has been developed to assess the strength of the reinforced connection under compression, utilizing a traditional formula from Russian design standards with the substitution of the thickness of the chord by the equivalent thickness.

Keywords: : reinforcement, connections, cold-formed profiles, bearing capacity, compression

A review of the literature in the field of construction heat engineering and regulatory requirements for thermal protection of buildings is given. A study of methods of increasing thermal protection for reconstructed and designed buildings, taking into account modern requirements, has been carried out. A methodology for strengthening the thermal protection of building structures has been developed.

Keywords: thermal performance of building , energy efficiency, heat-efficient enclosing structures, thermal insulation materials

The main characteristics of the building for dynamic calculation are the frequency and forms of natural oscillations. These values are related to the rigidity of the building, the rigidity of the elastic foundation and its mass. To study the effect of the stiffness of the elastic foundation, an equivalent idealized model of free oscillations of a cantilever rod is considered. The calculation takes into account the rigidity of the support. For the considered model, a transcendental equation and its numerical solution is obtained. Solutions for the limiting cases of elastic foundation stiffness are obtained. The obtained results allow us to analyze the effect of the stiffness of the elastic foundation on the frequencies of natural oscillations. It is calculated that with an increase in the stiffness of the elastic foundation, the frequencies of natural oscillations increase. The influence is limited and has an asymptotic character. The rigidity of the elastic foundation can have a significant effect on the natural frequencies of the first five bending forms of natural oscillations and may not be taken into account for higher-order forms.

Keywords: dynamics, natural oscillations, natural frequencies, building, structure, transcendental equation, elastic foundation, elastic support

The article analyzes the shaping of buildings and structures in modern architectural practice. Form in architecture is primarily a means of expressing and translating concepts. It's also what ultimately fills and divides the space we live in. Form in architecture can have great symbolic and cultural significance and can transform a space for the better or for the worse. The simplest of the forms are known as primary forms. The main shapes include circles, triangles and squares. Each form can be created by a combination of basic forms. When rotated or expanded, basic shapes can create three-dimensional volumes known as basic bodies. In modern architectural practice, it is very common to resort to the use of complex shapes created using spatial curves. The task of the architect is a complete visual representation of such forms in drawings, as well as using modern software graphics packages. The article raises the problem of the correct interpretation of architectural forms formed by such spatial curves (using the Hilbert curve as an example).

Keywords: architecture, spatial curves, axonometric projections, Hilbert curve, modernism, shaping, ornamentation, space

Issues of carrying out the identification of hazardous production facilities are discussed. On a real example of a survey of a warehouse of combustible substances, the implementation of a technical expertise with a conclusion drawn up on its results is illustrated. The article was written on the basis of the completed research work No. 22-78.

Keywords: hazardous production facility, identification, technical expertise, industrial safety, building structures

Geodesic control plays an important role in the reconstruction of cultural heritage sites. It allows the accurate determination of the geometric parameters of historic objects, which can be particularly important for restoring their historic size and shape to achieve the most accurate match to the original appearance. Geodetic work is carried out to support the accuracy of design and construction. They allow you to monitor the consistency of the design documentation and the actual work performed. This can help avoid errors and additional work during the construction phase and ultimately ensure a higher quality of reconstruction. This paper describes geodetic support during the reconstruction of the residence of Patriarch Kirill. Located on a huge territory the complex has a high religious-historical and cultural significance, which determines the quality of geodetic control at all stages of reconstruction and construction works.

Keywords: object of cultural heritage, architectural monuments, reconstruction, geodetic surveys, geodetic network, geodetic control, geodetic monitoring

The article is devoted to mathematical modeling of construction of underwater tunnels intended for subway. This type of tunnels can also be used as railway and road tunnels. The most interesting are underwater tunnels-bridges and floating tunnels, but the most perspective and most frequent are tunnels located at the bottom of water barrier.

Keywords: underwater tunnel, subway, finite element method, leave section method, mathematical modeling, construction technology stages, transport tunnel, stress-strain state

The results of research of engineering solutions for ventilation of swimming pools based on mathematical modeling taking into account real thermal loads and moisture releases are presented. The analysis of air distribution options in rooms with swimming pools for various purposes – a public swimming pool, a SPA complex and a sports pool with bleachers for spectators. Based on the results obtained in the form of distribution fields of the parameters of the air environment, the necessary changes in the schemes of the organization of air exchange are revealed. If the parameters deviate from the normalized values, recommendations have been developed to improve the state of the microclimate. These temperature distributions allow us to conclude that the air temperature near the surfaces of external fences meets the requirements that ensure their safety. conclusions on the compliance of the obtained results with the required parameters of the microclimate for rooms with high relative humidity.

Keywords: Swimming pool, ventilation, heat, moisture, air distribution, microclimate, air environment, numerical modeling

Highways are a fairly significant part of the Iraqi transport system, characterized by increased accidents on the roads. Analysis of the causes of accidents showed their main cause – speeding cars in conditions of increased slipperiness and destruction of the road surface. The influence of the coefficient of adhesion and the degree of destruction of the roadway on the risk of an accident is investigated. Measures to reduce accidents on the roads of the republic are proposed.

Keywords: road safety, the risk of an accident, the coefficient of adhesion, the destruction of the coating, accident analysis, road repairs, the causes of increased accidents

The issues of developing a project for strengthening the building structures of a cable overpass after an emergency (accident) are discussed. On a real example, a description of the accident is given, the performance of work on the ghost of structures to the standard state is illustrated. The article was written on the basis of the completed research work No. 18-26.

Keywords: building structures, safety, cable trestle, emergency response, technical expertise, buildings and structures, metal structures, reinforcement project

The article discusses the main causes of natural gas leaks and ways to detect them. Data on the volume of natural gas leakage and the nature of damage were obtained at the experimental installation. The objects of experimental research are gas connections to devices, such as: bellows hose made of stainless steel, rubber hose and cap nut of gas connection with varying degrees of tightening. The course of conducting an experimental study of filling a room with natural gas, depending on the degree of damage to the gas supply and its nature, is described. The analysis of the results of the experiment to determine the dependence of the gas flow rate on the type of damage to the gas supply is carried out. The most dangerous types of leaks in the room are determined, graphs of the dependence of gas flow through various damages and methods of their prevention to prevent such situations are constructed.

Keywords: gas leak, gas appliances, leak detection, types of gas leaks, type of damage to the gas supply

The results of research permissible longitudinal axial and fiber tensions are given for various characteristics of gas distribution and gas consumption systems.

Keywords: polyethylene gas pipeline, longitudinal axial tension, longitudinal fiber tension, gas pipeline deformation, optimal gas pipeline bending radius

The article deals with the issues of assessing the effectiveness of the construction and operation of metal corrugated pipes. The characteristic features and difficulties of the operation of corrugated metal culverts in areas of permafrost distribution are revealed. The characteristics of the main defects of culverts are systematized. The features of thermophysical calculations of metal corrugated pipes on a frozen base are analyzed in detail. Recommendations are given on the application of the most effective technical solutions in the construction of corrugated metal culverts on permafrost soils.

Keywords: highway, culverts, metal corrugated pipes, thermal conductivity, permafrost soils

To assess the quality of the road surface, there are many systems that work on the basis of specific algorithms, including image segmentation methods. Time complexity and classification accuracy are two key indicators when evaluating the effectiveness of a particular algorithm. In this article, the following image segmentation methods are used as the analyzed methods: k-means clustering, Linear clustering, Adaptive thresholding, Global thresholding. Based on the methods described in the section "Methodology of experiments", the "Global thresholds" method has the best indicators of classification accuracy and time complexity (38.2% - classification accuracy; time complexity is linear (other methods have the same type of complexity, however, GT has much less absolute time indicators).

Keywords: comparison, method, segmentation, image, photo, road, surface, condition, accuracy, classification, time, complextion

The technology of organizing the construction of decentralized energy systems based on wind power plants is given. New design solutions for the structural elements of wind turbines and overhead lines (tower, collapsible ballast-type foundation, protective element) are proposed, taking into account the specifics of the technology of construction and installation works. Data are given on reducing the cost of construction production by optimizing the machines and mechanisms used.

Keywords: wind turbine structures, overhead lines, tower, collapsible ballast-type foundation, protective element, in-line method, decentralized system

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) in building industry has a number of important advantages, such as creation of various geometric forms without the need for molds, the ability to create complex elements, the possibility of automation, speed and a low amount of waste, the use of innovative materials, construction in layers of different materials, and more. So, 3DP is an effort to put digital manufacturing into practice, enabling a direct transition from building design / modeling (BIM) to 3DP. One of the important limitations in 3DP is the materials. Because printing is done in layers, it is important to take into account the hardening time of the material and its ability to stick to create a uniform structure. Another problem is the tolerance of the material to different types of solidification: melting, pressing. That's why there are methods for combining iron or polymer reinforcement. There are combined methods: 3D printed elements are used as prefab elements to make the building process more effective. This industry is one of the fastest growing manufacturing technology sectors covers all markets from aerospace and healthcare to construction and consumer products. This article provides some aspects of application in construction, materials and their compositions, as well as examples of the use of 3DP at buildings, structures, etc.

Keywords: 3D technologies in civil engineering and construction, materials for 3DP, 3D concrete printing, concrete polymer reinforcement, dispersive reinforcement concrete

Road surface quality assessment is one of the most popular tasks around the world. To solve it, there are a large number of systems that work using certain algorithms, including methods of morphological image processing. One of the key criteria for the effectiveness of an algorithm is its time complexity. The following approaches of morphological processing is considered in the article: Dilation, Erosion, Morphological Gradient, Morphological Smoothing. Photos of the road surface of various conditions were used as the material for the study. Based on the proposed methodology of the experiment, it turned out that each of the selected algorithms has a linear time complexity, but the "Dilation" and "Erosion" algorithms have lower absolute time indicators.

Keywords: comparison, efficiency, morphological technique, processing, image, photo, road, condition, time, complexity

The most significant advantage of composite structures compared to structures made of traditional materials is the ability to control the characteristics of the structure in order to obtain an optimal design. In the general case, the initial physical characteristics of the material of the composite structure are random variables. Consequently, the required quantities (stresses, strains, critical loads, etc.) are also random variables. The problem of statistical modeling of a composite structure is ultimately reduced to the problem of transforming random variables. To solve this problem, the Monte Carlo method is used. The object of study is a multi-walled plate under the action of compressive loads. The purpose of this work is to construct point estimates of the coefficients of both general and local stability for a multi-walled plate, as well as to test statistical hypotheses about the equality of the stability coefficients to their theoretical values. The initial parameters are the elastic moduli in the longitudinal and transverse directions, as well as the shear modulus of the construction material. The following were used as output values: sample mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients. All calculations were carried out in the environment of the MAXIMA package. It is shown that the distribution of the overall stability coefficient practically does not differ from the normal distribution. The coefficient of local stability has a slight positive asymmetry and a steeper peak compared to the normal curve. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the spread of the elastic characteristics of the material does not significantly affect the coefficients of the general and local stability of the multi-walled plate.

Keywords: statistical modeling, statistical hypothesis, multiwall plate, stability, critical load, composite material

The experience of standardization of modular construction and factory-ready buildings of China, the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany and others is considered. The analysis of the existing profile regulatory and technical documentation (RTD) in the Russian Federation. The analysis of domestic and foreign RTD showed that there is no unified approach to rationing of the considered subject area. At the present time it is necessary to update the Russian RTD in the field of modular construction. Based on the results of the analysis and synthesis of the world practice in the field of modular construction, recommendations and suggestions for working with terms and definitions, the variants of development of normative and technical documentation of the Russian Federation in the field of modular construction and themes of work for the development of modular construction regulation were developed.

Keywords: modular construction, quickly erected buildings, prefabricated buildings, technical documentation

Brief characteristics of mineral fillers used in the composition of building mortars are considered. The features of their application are also analyzed, some regularities are established in mixtures with polymer additives, which must be taken into account when selecting the compositions of dry mixtures.

Keywords: dry building mixes, building mortars, hydraulic mineral additives, inert filler, redispersible powdered polymer, adhesio

This article investigates the temperature distribution over the thickness of the elements when welding tee joints with fillet welds. The temperature was measured by thermocouples with corresponding readings recorded on an oscilloscope. At the same time 6 thermocouples were recorded, which made it possible to trace the entire process of temperature change (the process of heating and cooling) and to determine the maximum temperature at the points under study. The experimental results were compared with the calculated temperature values. Comparison of the experimental data with the calculation results showed quite satisfactory agreement what makes it possible to use the theory of heat propagation in welding by N.N. Rykalin to the design of temperature in tee joints when welding fillet welds.

Keywords: residual welding stresses, temperature distribution during welding, thermocouples, T-joint with fillet welds, temperature distribution through the thickness of the element, “small” thicknesses, “large” thicknesses

Modern cinema demonstration technologies have changed the perception of the auditorium space. Multi-channel digital stereo demonstration, the use of mobile platforms for seating created conditions for the design of small-capacity auditoriums with a round plan shape. Wall enclosing structures in this case have the shape of the inner surface of the cylinder. Finishing with acoustic plates on the frame is time-consuming and does not always allow you to repeat the shape of the fence. The design of acoustic decoration of cinema halls with a round or oval shape of the plan is rationally carried out with the use of acoustic foam "Flexacoustic" on the walls and Soundec ceiling panels (Soundec). The most effective combination, providing uniform sound absorption in frequencies, was obtained by using acoustic foam rubber "Flexacoustic" with a density of 30 kg/m3 and wood panels "Soundek" with a density of 450 kg/m3 with internal filling plates "Acoustic Fiber". The study of the use of domestic materials that are convenient for finishing works and recommendations for the choice of rational use, different in properties of acoustic building systems, allowed us to obtain results that will ensure the best conditions of audibility in the cinema hall.

Keywords: cinema, auditorium, room acoustics, sound-absorbing materials, sound absorption coefficient, average geometric frequency, soft acoustic plates