For successful training of students in educational institutions, modern laboratory equipment must be present. This equipment should be affordable, small enough to fit in a classroom, easy to maintain and operate, and versatile enough to allow students to conduct research with faculty or on their own. All this indicates the relevance of this work. The purpose of the work is to create original training equipment for seed germination. Work on a new design of educational equipment required to study and generalize the results and experience of using similar equipment known from the state of the art, as well as to study known methods and technologies. In the course of work, using elements of system analysis, new design solutions were found for the layout of universal training equipment for seed germination.

Keywords: germinating table, training equipment, seed germination, seed quality

The high share of manual labor in forestry does not allow solving modern problems facing the Russian forest industry. The introduction of new machines and technologies using the achievements of modern science and technology is required. In order to identify the prospects for the use of robotic systems for solving reforestation problems, existing machines and technologies were studied, the results and experience of using both successful existing solutions and solutions under development were summarized, and, using elements of system analysis, new design solutions were found for the layout of the robotic platform and the landing module to it.

Keywords: reforestation, forest planting, robotic platform, forest module

The development of technical devices in almost all industries is aimed at creating universal devices that allow performing several operations. The forest industry is no exception. The creation of a taxation tool that provides the ability to perform several measuring operations, which is the goal of the work, will increase the efficiency of the taxator while reducing the physical load on him due to the need to have fewer measuring instruments with him. All this indicates the relevance of this work. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved in the course of the work, the main of which were: analysis of known designs of taxation instruments, synthesis of new technical solutions for their unification, patenting of a new technical solution. The use of system analysis made it possible to achieve the set goal, to propose a new patentable solution for a taxation device that combines the functions of an altimeter and a full gauge. The approach described in the paper to the creation of new designs of universal taxation devices can be used in teaching engineering creativity to students.

Keywords: full gauge, altimeter, taxation, forestry

The creation of laboratory equipment that provides a clear demonstration of the studied technological processes while ensuring the possibility of its use for research purposes by students is an urgent task. Purpose of the work: development of a stand design for a visual demonstration to students of the process of the impact of the cutting working body on the workpiece while ensuring the possibility of fixing the characteristics of the cutting process. In the course of the work, on the basis of system analysis, the classification of laboratory equipment for studying the cutting process was carried out, its features were studied, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages, and an original design of the stand was proposed. The design of the stand provides an opportunity to study the characteristics of the cutting process with a fixed fixation of the workpiece and the movement of the cutting tool, which clearly simulates the real cutting process and allows you to determine its parameters.

Keywords: cutting, chip formation, student training

The use of mulcher machines is a promisingmethod of preventing and combating forest fires. Whenpreparing forest areas with the use of mulcher machines the soil is crushed altogether with the vegetation growing on the surface, roots and otherwood inclusions, while the process of interaction of the working body with the soil requires significant energy costs. The analysis of the mulcher operating modes with a working body in the form of a drum-chopper has been carried out and, as the result, the operating modes of the mulcher machine have been determined. The mulcher machine operation mode when cutting woody vegetation has been examined. A computer program has been developed to determine the rational parameters and operating modes of the mulcher machine.

Keywords: drum-chopper, combating forest fires, mulcher machine, wood vegetation cutting

The problem of creating advanced technologies and equipment to increase the efficiency of forest regeneration by seedlings and seedlings of forest crops has not been finally solved and is an urgent task today. Of particular concern is the lack of patented equipment for the renewal of forests by seedlings and seedlings of forest crops that are competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. The purpose of the research is to prove that the basis of the search for solutions to the synthesis of patentable solutions that increase the efficiency of forest regeneration by seedlings and seedlings of forest crops can be laid the formation of a knowledge base on the basis of patent information search, and the use of a functional structural and technological analysis. In the course of the work, a classification of the main areas of patenting in the mentioned area was carried out and it was shown that the use of the proposed approach allowed the authors to develop and patent a number of new technical solutions for the equipment of forest regeneration by seedlings and seedlings of forest crops.

Keywords: forest regeneration, seedling, seedling, patent, synthesis of patentable solutions, functional-structural-technological analysis

The purpose of research is to form a knowledge base in the field of creating advanced technical solutions for the use of crushed stone in various industries, as well as for the synthesis of new technical solutions. As such solutions, the solutions are considered, which are considered in patents for inventions and utility models of Russia, published in recent years. To achieve this goal, a system analysis method was used, performed according to the results of a patent information search. As a result of the work carried out, the classification of the main areas of patenting in this area was carried out, information was collected and systematized to form knowledge bases for the synthesis of new technical solutions

Keywords: high-strength concrete, road surface, patent, industry, road construction, crushed stone

The article provides an improved numerical method for solving a forest road network automated planning problem. Method based on a graph mathematical model with a reduction to the Steiner tree problem. The original model is formulated as a linear programming stream problem and is supplemented by taking into account the existing transport network as an addition Steiner vertex. The results of testing the method suggest significant reduction in the running time for big data without considerable quality loss.

Keywords: wood harvesting, forest road network, graph theory, optimization, Steiner problem in graphs, linear programming, local search

The purpose of this study is to perform a classification to form a knowledge base in the field of harvesting and use in industry and in the social sphere of one of the valuable types of non-wood forest resources-tree greens. Such knowledge base is necessary for synthesis of new progressive processes, machines and mechanisms for harvesting and use of wood greens. The basis of the classification formation is based on the analysis of technological and technical solutions based on scientific and technical search, given in inventions and utility models patented in 2010-2019 in the Russian Federation. As a result of researches the main directions of patenting of developments in the field of preparation and use of wood greens are classified.

Keywords: modeling, wood density, logging, skidding, forwarder, skidder

Dosing of various substances and materials are widely used in the chemical, petrochemical, food, medical, pharmaceutical, agro-industrial complex and other branches of science and technology. Research and development of new intellectual property objects, including those aimed at increasing the share of labor automation in this area, are actively conducted in many countries of the world. This determines the need for accelerated development of domestic technologies and equipment competitive in the Russian and foreign markets for automated dosing and packaging of various substances and materials, including liquid, bulk, puree, viscous and others. Based on a systematic patent information search, a systematic analysis of technologies, machines and equipment for dosing in industry, agriculture and the social sphere has been performed. A knowledge base has been compiled and systematized in the field of technologies and equipment for dosing in industry, agriculture and the social sphere. The results can be used to develop new technical solutions for improving equipment and technologies used in various fields of science and technology

Keywords: knowledge base, industrial dosing, intellectual property objects, patent search, system analysis

In the course of the system analysis of scientific and technical information, including patents, it has been established that currently the forestry sector is actively patenting technical and technological solutions for basic operations, but not enough attention is paid to building knowledge bases in the field of technologies and equipment for non-timber forest resources. The formation of databases in this area is caused by identified trends in product development from various types of natural raw materials for the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic industry and other areas of the social sphere and economy. Among the types of natural raw materials, an important place is occupied by raw materials with a wide range of biological effects, including chaga birch fungus. The development of the knowledge base in the field of engaging chaga in various spheres of the social sphere and economy is based on system analysis and patent search.

Keywords: knowledge base, birch mushroom, intellectual property, forest complex, non-timber forest resources, patent, intellectual property, chaga

the necessity of accelerated development of competitive in the Russian and foreign markets of domestic machines and equipment for the prevention and suppression of forest fires is shown. The system analysis of technologies, machines and equipment for prevention and suppression of forest fires is carried out on the basis of the extended patent information search. Special attention is paid to technologies, machines and equipment that provide cutting of trees and bushes in the continuous movement of basic forest tractors. The knowledge base in the field of technologies, machines and equipment for removal of trees and bushes is formed. It is suggested that the prospects of their use in the systems of machines for the prevention and suppression of forest fires. The equipment of such machines can be included in the set of multifunctional equipment for a forest tractor. The technological and technical solutions developed by the authors for the variants of technologies of cutting trees and bushes with the continuous movement of basic forest tractors, machines and elements of their structures for such technologies are presented

Keywords: knowledge base, tree and shrub vegetation, forest fires, multifunctional forest machine, system analysis

Executed system analysis of the types of damage to logging machines and damage them in the manufacture. It is found that defects in material, shape and size of the part have a significant impact on the reliability of the equipment. The main attention is paid to the effect of crack-like defects. If as a measure of damage to take the length of the crack and apply the methods of fracture mechanics in the calculations, it will be obvious the relationship of operational and industrial damage. It is established that the main cause of failures of logging machine details of domestic production is not enough high quality of their production. It is recommended to use more widely such as characteristic of materials as fracture toughness to assess the reliability of the design.

Keywords: Logging machine, reliability, damage, manufacturing defects, fracture toughness

A system analysis of technologies and equipment for logging work was carried out in order to synthesize new solutions. It is based on the original functional and technological analysis of objects of logging technologies and equipment, worked out on a number of basic operations of timber industry. In the analysis, intellectual knowledge bases are being formed on technologies and equipment that are being improved or replaced, their role in the end-to-end technologies of timber production and related operations of these processes is taken into account. It is shown that it is advisable to harvest industrial wood with harvesters and forwarders during their cyclical work, to conduct forestry operations, to prevent and extinguish forest fires during the continuous movement of forest machines. As a result of the analysis, technical solutions were found for the technology of work and the structural elements of the multifunctional forest machine protected by patents.

Keywords: knowledge bases, logging work, methodology, multifunctional forest machine, system analysis

The article provides a solution a schedule generation problem for the timber transportation, a description of the problem is given, and a multi-criteria mathematical model is created. It is indicated that the task in question can be assigned to the class of vehicle routing problems in the general formulation of GVRP related to the job-shop scheduling. A hybrid algorithm for solving the problem based on the decomposition method using the simplex method and the genetic algorithm was developed. Conducted testing showed the effectiveness of the developed method on real data of wood harvesting enterprises. The results of numerical methods testing on real data suggest a reduction of the complexes of forest transport machines downtime, and an increase of transported wood volume during the planning period. The scientific results presented in the article were used in the development of a planning and management system «Opti-Wood» developed by Opti-Soft company.

Keywords: wood harvesting, GVRP, optimization, job shop scheduling, operational logistics, genetic algorithm

Parameters of logging machines are determined by the characteristics of the subject of labour, in particular the size of trees. In stands the sizes of trees vary and have stochastic character. This leads to the difficulty of determining the design tree for the felling machine or calculating the weight of the wood moved by the transport machine. The problem is complicated by the fact that the design of the forest machine should ensure the efficiency of work in different stands. The solution of the problem of determining the calculated characteristics of the subject of labour (characteristics that determine the values of external forces acting on the forest machine) can be based on the analysis of regularities in the structure of stands by thickness. The purpose of this study is to describe a method of constructing stochastic models of the structure of the stand by thickness in the design of forest machines and an example of its application. The proposed method makes it possible to form a stochastic model of the tree stand structure by thickness for the forest area under study and covers procedures from the collection of initial data to the generation of the tree diameter algorithm. Generation algorithms obtained by the method can be used in the development of simulation models for computer experiments aimed at calculating the optimal parameters of forest machines.

Keywords: forest machines designing, stochastic simulation, stand structure by thickness, tree diameter distribution, simulation modeling, computational experiment on the computer

The system analysis of types of damage of logging machines and their damage during operation is carried out. It is found that a significant impact on the machines reliability has mechanical energy and thermal energy. Mechanical energy affects all components and parts in the form of static and dynamic loads, which leads to the wear of mates, the emergence and development of fatigue cracks, plastic deformation or quasi-brittle fracture. The main attention is paid to the consideration of the influence of low temperatures in the operation of forest machines in winter on the properties of metals and, consequently, on the level of their reliability. It is recommended to use more widely such characteristic of materials as fracture toughness to assess the reliability of the design.

Keywords: Logging machine, reliability, damage, operating conditions, low temperature, fracture toughness

In the work described and the criteria of layout of self-propelled forestry tractors, processing equipment(crane, chipper), mounting structure, capacity of mobile chippers. The system analysis on the choice of optimum arrangement is carried out.

Keywords: logging self-propelled tractor, hydraulic manipulator, chopping machine, system analysis

The use of low-temperature plasma in industry and the social sphere is given serious attention in Russia and abroad. Plasma technologies are environmentally friendly and allow solving the problems of resource saving and energy saving. The article is devoted to the search for directions for using low-temperature plasma and the creation of appropriate technologies and equipment in industry and the social sphere. Based on the analysis of scientific, technical and patent information, the opinion was expressed that the potential of low-temperature plasmas in forestry and in the timber industry is underestimated

Keywords: Low-temperature plasma, industrial and social applications, forest seeds, pre-sowing treatment

the development of a network of logging roads and increasing the efficiency of its functioning is the most important factor in increasing the economic accessibility of forest resources and intensifying forest management in the regions of the European North of Russia. Substantial development of the network of forest roads is necessary to increase the availability of forests for continuous and selective cutting, thinning, reforestation. It is also necessary to improve the efficiency of the operation of logging road trains while exporting forests, to increase the degree of development of the allowable cutting area, to increase the level of forest fire safety of forests, and to prevent and extinguish forest fires.

Keywords: availability of forest resources, logging roads, timber road truck, local stone materials, road construction

The developed calculation dependencies for determining the log truck movement indicators during non-steady and steady motion in different modes make it possible to solve technical-economic tasks with adequate accuracy and certainty during planning and optimization of wood transportation. During two-stage timber hauling a log truck based on MAZ-6312B9 has advantages in exploitation and technical-economic indicators in comparison with a log truck based on Scania R-420. There are opportunities for a rapid increase of passing ability of a log truck while using an active trailer. This provides the work of a complete log truck on a forest road, and also there is a possibility to eliminate two-stage timber hauling, with rise of efficiency and technical-economic indicators

Keywords: wood transport, optimization, log trucks, motion simulation, efficiency

The aim is handling trees seed non-thermal plasma activated water and its research results to improve the percentage of seed germination and rapid germination. Water treated plasma, has the ability to activate the germination. This significantly changes the acidity of the environment. Study on the treatment of seeds with non-thermal water plasma was conducted for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), ash-leaved Maple (Acer negundo L.). Germination pine seeds soaked in plasma activated water for 2 minutes, increased to 22%, 11% spruce. Such seeds have a short period of germination. The period of germination was reduced to 1 day for birch and maple for 3 days for a total increase of germination by 18 and 16%. Phytopathological analysis identified a certain bactericidal effect. The number of seeds infected with fungi of the genus Alternaria, Penicillium and others decreased. Treatment did not affect the infestation of seeds fungi of the genus Spicaria, Germescium. As a result, there have been major findings and recommendations on the application of plasma activated water for seedbed preparation seed trees.

Keywords: water, non-thermal plasma, seeds, Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver birch, ash-leaved Maple

One of the problems with exploitation of log trucks is damage to equipment during the process of transportation of wood material and during loading-unloading operations. The authors of the paper suggest equipping a log truck with an innovative protective butting device in order to increase reliability and work efficiency of the hydraulic manipulator. This device will allow aligning the sawn wood ends of wood products, and thus it will allow excluding a chance of protruding of sawn wood ends at an inadmissible scale which prevents forming a neighboring pack of wood products. The device will also allow excluding mechanical damages of a hydraulic manipulator by sawn wood ends of wood products being laid on a load platform. This will increase its reliability and will reduce the expenses on repair works.

Keywords: log truck, hydraulic manipulator, modernization, reliability, safety

The paper presents a technical-economic analysis of the perspective of development of domestic forestry machine-building in the conditions of import substitution. The authors substantiate and prove the prospects of using domestically produced harvesting machines in logging works, particularly the machines based on caterpillar tractors OTZ-300 and OTZ-400, fitted with modern foreign (in prospect - domestic) technological equipment. Using logging machines made by “Amkodor” company during cutting operations is also economically justifiable. In particular, in difficult natural-manufacturing conditions (the third category of soil) vehicle operating costs on a work cycle of machine complexes by the company “Ponsse” make 1081,7 rouble/m³, of machines by the company “Amkodor” – 848,4 rouble/m³, and of machines based on caterpillar tractors by LLC “OTZ” the costs make 407,7 rouble/m³ on the average. Specific capital costs are 2862, 1215,2 and 560,5 rouble/m³, respectively. Hence, we can draw a conclusion that machines and machine complexes based on caterpillar tractors of cross-country capacity provide stable productive work with high technical-and-economic indexes in difficult natural conditions.

Keywords: import substitution, logging machines, technical-economic analysis, perspectives

The paper describes and analyzes the main development trends of Russian forestry machine-building in modern conditions. Russian forestry machine-building enterprises do not use presently available perspectives in import substitution in connection with the depreciation of the rouble. Neither do they use the opportunities for producing integrated multifunctional machines. Development and production release of forestry machines for assortment harvesting based on Russian-manufactured tractors fitted with technological equipment of foreign manufacture is the first step on the way of creating domestic vehicles of analogous purpose. These machines will be fully complete with home-produced technological equipment. This will allow reducing the costs on the production of these machines and on their timber-harvesting operations

Keywords: forest harvesting technology, felling, limbing, cutting into lengths, skidding, forestry machine-building, development