The work is based on the results of a survey conducted among students of Grozny and Rostov-on-Don at the end of 20219. The cognitive component was measured by a test method, using 11 primary features. According to them, an integral indicator of the cognitive perception of friendship for each respondent was calculated using a modified method of analyzing hierarchies. The affective component of student attitudes towards friendship was determined by the semantic differential technology Ch. Osgood, using a special semantic scale with 20 bimodal features. Based on the results obtained, the individual level of emotional perception of friendship was calculated within the framework of the previously developed phenomenological semantic model. Statistical analysis of the obtained indicators of cognitive and affective perception showed that both in general for the study groups and for the general population, the correlation coefficients are small. For Rostov, about 0.17, for Grozny-0.273, and for the total population of respondents for these two cities-0.243.The scattering of experimental data is close to isotropic. All this indicates the statistical independence of these two components of attitudes in general for the studied samples. This confirms both the generally accepted opinion and the previously obtained results (for several thousand respondents) when studying other social attitudes. However, for certain subgroups of the studied audience, the statistical relationship between these two parameters is more significant. Thus, approximately 1/3 of the respondents, both in Rostov and Grozny, indicated a higher level of emotional perception, compared to cognitive. For these subgroups, the correlation coefficient for Rostov is 0.8, for Grozny-0.87, and for the two cities in total – 0.79. For the remaining 2/3 of the respondents (they are characterized by a higher level of cognitive perception compared to emotional perception), the correlation coefficients are slightly lower, but still exceed the results obtained without dividing into subgroups. For students of Rostov-on-Don-0.5, Grozny-0.44, and for the two cities in total-0.46. The revealed statistical relationship between the studied components of attitudes is associated with the influence on the formation of these components of the psychological type of respondents. And the subgroups we have identified differ precisely in their psychological type. But this hypothesis requires further testing.

Keywords: friendship, attitudes, cognitive component, test method, affective component, semantic differential technology, statistical analysis, correlation, subgroups, statistical relationship

The paper provides an overview of the applications in central heating points (CHP) of technologies and equipment to improve energy efficiency and quality of heat supply from district heating systems. The main equipment and characteristics of the hot water supply system taken as an example of the central heating station "MGU" are given. Described is the method of choosing the heating circuit of the central heating station from the ratio of the maximum loads of hot water supply and heating. For the adopted example of a central heating station, based on the above characteristics, the main indicator of energy efficiency is the specific consumption of electrical energy for the transport of thermal energy. Factors that have the greatest impact on this indicator: coefficient of uneven consumption of "hot water"; quality of regulation of hot water supplied to the hot water supply network; precise control of the productivity of the boosting and circulation pumping stations. The standard total power of the pump drives has been determined to be 13.58 kW and the range of actual power is from 10.79 kW to 22.04 kW.To reduce the influence of factors in the control scheme, it is proposed to use flow (pressure) regulators to maintain a constant direct-acting pressure drop. Use the pressure (pressure difference) of hot water discharged to the DHW system and returned from the system as balancing forces for this regulator. The parameters of hot water of rational modes of operation of the hot water supply system from the central heating station "MGU" were determined: temperature of hot water at the outlet of the heat exchange equipment 75 ° С; hot water pressure at the outlet of the heat exchange equipment 45 m; hot water pressure at the inlet of the circulation pump 25 m. The implementation of the proposed option without the inertial control scheme for the temperature of "hot water" and the developed rational modes of operation of the hot water supply system, according to the assessment of efficiency indicators, will reduce the specific consumption of electrical energy in the central heating station by 28.4% from 0.631 kW * h / m3 to 0.452 kW * h / m3.

Keywords: central heating station, hydraulic mode, flow regulator, pump characteristic

Organizational and technological installation operations for flat arches and window boards in the window openings of brick buildings are developed based on innovative modern buildings, on economically justified methods of work production. It is proposed domestic technical rigging, tools, means of performed works quality control taking into account the solution of import substitution problem while works production. Regions of the Russian Federation having clay and sand as local materials for bricks production prefer to use the bricks in low-rise buildings construction. It is emphasized a need to resume the use of standard projects for construction of residential low-rise buildings, cultural, recreational, educational, sports, medical and commercial buildings made of brick as a local building material. One gives the algorithm of the construction process: storage on construction site, workplace supply and erection (installation) of flat arches and window boards in window openings of brick walls. The article describes in detail construction process organizational and technological solutions and techniques. General instructions on the safety of work, as well as the organization and methods of workers labor are given. The possibility of construction time reducing by typifying the low-rise buildings construction, including those made of bricks, using locally available construction materials is shown. The article shows the efficiency of use of labor resources and construction materials supply from storage site to installation spot, considering the correct assembled elements installation provision.

Keywords: flat arch, window board, window opening, brick, brick element, mason, installer, workplace, rigging, crane

In this article, the authors present the prospects and methods of countering illegal construction on the example of the work of one of the departments of state control and supervisory activities. Shows the statistics on the number of detected violations in the field of control and supervision activities for the period 2018-2019 in the number of detected illegal buildings and the prospects of mitigating these offences on the example of one of the divisions of the state construction supervision. The list of measures for the elimination of illegal buildings, as well as the list of grounds for these inspections, is presented. In the article, the authors present conclusions on the results of the activities of the State Construction Supervision division, taking into account the changes made to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: technical supervision, construction control, control and supervisory activities, construction production technology, construction organization, unauthorized construction, illegal construction

A comprehensive automated system for monitoring the formation, transportation, processing and disposal of liquid production and consumption waste in the region is proposed. The system developed by the authors allows, on a unified information basis, to unite carriers of liquid waste, places of their generation, reception and disposal. The article discusses in detail the software for an automated station for receiving and neutralizing liquid waste, as well as a web-shell that allows digitalizing objects of communal infrastructure, on the territory of which activities for processing, neutralizing, and disposing of liquid waste are carried out. The tools and technologies used in the development of the automated system are indicated. In the final part of the work, the software for routing the transportation of liquid waste is presented and the mobile applications of carriers and waste generators for interaction between the system and its client applications are described.

Keywords: automated system, management, liquid waste, production, consumption, disposal

The article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency and reliability of the water supply system on the example of gravity water treatment plants. In this study, some of the measures for the reconstruction of structures on the daily regulation pools and introduced new technologies for water purification are considered. The use of a new technology has been studied, which involves the use of local coagulants in the form of aluminum sulfate together with a high-molecular synthetic anionic flocculant of the «POLY SEPAR AN 34 TW» type and clarification of water in sedimentation tanks equipped with horizontal thin-layer modules. As a result of the study, it was identified that the use of anionic flocculant of the «POLY SEPAR AN 34 TW» type, which has a flocculating and disinfecting ability in water treatment processes, is highly effective. Moreover, the use of a flocculant of the «Poly Separ» type for surface water purification at a dose of 0.5 - 1.0 mg/l, along with a decrease in turbidity and color, it ensures the removal of such impurities as iron, heavy metals, a decrease in the total microbial number from 10000 - 1000000 to 100 cells/ml at the filtration stage, since «Poly Separ» has a prolonged bactericidal effect.

Keywords: water supply, pool, regulation, technology, coagulant, aluminum sulfate, anion, flocculant, disinfection, turbidity, color, clarification, kinetics of the process

The article is devoted to the importance and relevance of the development of underground space, today in large cities there is an acute shortage of areas free from development, as well as the high traffic congestion with personal cars, these and many other problems can be solved through the integrated development of underground space. The classification of underground structures is given. The organizational and technical problems of construction below the zero cycle are indicated. Examples of competent use of underground space in the world are considered. Benefits of construction below zero cycle are also noted. The objects, the construction of which is promising underground, are described. Attention is drawn to the climatic and anthropogenic factors taken into account during construction. In conclusion, the measures that need to be taken for the development of the underground space of our cities are considered.

Keywords: development of underground space urban studies, organization of construction of underground structures, urban space, cramped urban development, organizational and technical problems

A method for determining the optimal value of the heat transfer resistance of a three-layer exterior wall of a country cottage building is presented. As an optimization criterion, the specific consumption of thermal energy for the weekly cycle of operation of the building is selected. As a result of the study of the function describing the total specific energy consumption for heat loss compensation and heating of 1 m2 of the outer wall, an analytical expression was obtained to determine the optimal value of the heat transfer resistance. Based on the obtained solution, the thickness of the monolithic expanded clay concrete used as a structural and thermal insulation material in the outer wall is optimized. An analytical relationship is obtained to evaluate the energy-saving effect due to additional insulation of the outer wall of a country cottage.

Keywords: intermittent heating, heat transfer resistance, enclosing structure, energy consumption, heat protection characteristics

Setting the indirect reinforcement in the form of cross welded mesh is one of the effective ways to increase the strength and deformation characteristics of compressed concrete. When performing engineering calculations of structures with indirect reinforcement, in order to ensure the required reliability, it is necessary to use the design values of the strength of materials. At the same time, initially the calculation formulas were derived and analyzed for the experimental average strength values, which are significantly higher than the design ones. Based on the results of the calculations, it was found that a simple substitution of the calculated strength values in the formulas leads to an overestimation of the strength and ultimate compressibility values of concrete with indirect reinforcement.

Keywords: indirect reinforcement, welded mesh, volumetric stress state, compression diagram

" This article deals with the problem of fixing bulk and weak soils, leveling the deformation properties of soils during their water saturation. The technology of injecting the fixing cement-sand solution, closed with a solution of liquid glass, was described on the example of fixing the base under the foundations of a residential building under construction in the floodplain zone of the Taganrog Bay on Kruysa Street.

Keywords: structurally unstable soil, hydrogeological risk, floodplain zone, foundation consolidation, cementation, liquid glass, cement-sand mortar, foundation plate, deformation, ground water

A theoretical study of the influence of geometric tolerances of reinforcement on the correspondence between delivery by weight and total length in meters of wire or rods is presented. The issues of efficiency and strength of bent reinforced concrete elements are considered, taking into account the influence of geometric deviations from the nominal values established by the norms for reinforcement of various classes. The documents of the regulatory framework regulating the design and construction and construction activities in the Russian Federation, as well as the works of domestic and foreign scientists, corresponding to the research in this area, were used. Used research methods such as structural and analytical analysis. The types of supplies of reinforcing steels, regulated by the current legislative framework and widely used in the practice of design and construction, are analyzed. Specific proposals have been developed for determining the need for reinforcement in weight and linear measurements, as well as for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete elements. It was revealed that the normalized deviation of the cross-sectional area significantly affects the length of the bar in unit of weight. Boundary values for the length of the rods have been determined for various diameters and classes of reinforcement.

Keywords: reinforcement, reinforcing bars, diameter, tolerance, reinforced concrete, reinforcement delivery, strength, cross-section, technical and economic indicators

The paper presents studies of the state of biologically active filtering material - vermicompost in the working area of ​​the aeration station at closed sewage treatment plants with an increased concentration of sulfur dioxide. The assessment of the filtering sorption properties was carried out using bioindication methods, namely, germination of test seeds under conditions of an increased content of sulfur dioxide. The bioindication method is considered fast and accurate, it allows to obtain reproducible results.Oat seeds, wheat seeds - representatives of monocotyledonous plants, as well as radish seeds - a dicotyledonous plant, were used as test seeds, as they are highly sensitive to harmful effects. The experiment took place in four stages with different time intervals. The indicator is the average length of development of the root system in the tested water compared to the control. The results showed that 60% of normal germination was recorded in monocotyledonous seeds, and 90% of normally germinated seeds were recorded in dicotyledons. According to the well-known method, the non-toxic properties of vermicompost was assessed based on the lengths of shoots and seed roots, which can be used as a load in installations for the biochemical purification of gases emitted into the air of the working area from closed wastewater treatment facilities. Such an installation can be a biofilter. Thus, the thickness of the load, the height of each of its constituent layers, affects the degree of its efficiency.

Keywords: sulfur dioxide, bioindication, closed treatment facilities, waste water, test seeds, germination of seeds, vermicompost

The article deals with the features of the occurrence of hydraulic shocks in urban drainage systems. It is noted that when starting up pumping units, a hydraulic shock can occur if the operational personnel do not comply with the maintenance regulations. Significantly more likely to cause hydraulic shocks when the pump units or the unit suddenly stops. In addition, in long water pipes with a complex profile, there is a high probability of a high vacuum and, accordingly, the occurrence of breaks in the continuous flow of waste liquid. The probability of a hydraulic shock is affected by the method of starting the pumping units. Measures to prevent the occurrence of hydraulic shocks are considered: improving the reliability of external power supply; the use of a combined power supply scheme; the use of check valves with smooth closing and other methods.

Keywords: hydraulic shock, sewage system, pumping station, pressure pipelines, power supply

The article substantiates the relevance of the reconstruction of buildings of higher educational institutions (hereinafter referred to as higher educational institutions), presents an algorithm for choosing technological processes that should be carried out during the reconstruction of buildings of higher educational institutions and contribute to energy conservation and energy efficiency. It also reflects a practical presentation of the algorithm, which resulted in a list of technological processes for the reconstruction of buildings of universities, taking into account the use of energy-saving measures.

Keywords: technological process, reconstruction, university building, energy saving measure, energy saving, increasing energy efficiency, classification of energy saving measures, building structure, structural diagram of a building, structural element

This article discusses the problems of high-quality performance of repair and restoration work of damaged building structures. The author suggests using one of the most promising methods of non – destructive testing in the control and rejection of restoration bricks-the ultrasonic pulse method based on the use of converters with exponential waveguides. The results of studies using this method of old and new bricks offered by the manufacturer as a replacement for the old one in the restored structure are presented. The article describes an algorithm for testing these two types of bricks to justify the applicability of ultrasonic sensors of transducers with exponential waveguides. The article draws conclusions about the prospects of using ultrasonic transducers with exponential waveguides in the quality control of restoration stone materials based on sufficient accuracy, speed of research, as well as their final cost.

Keywords: restoration, reconstruction, restoration of building structures, brickwork, ultrasonic pulse method, exponential converters, non-destructive method, product quality control

The possibilities of using volcanic tuff as an additive in pressed cement-mineral composites intended for road construction are studied. The influence of low-modulus mineral additives of trepel, granulated blast furnace slag and volcanic tuff on the physical and mechanical properties of hardened composites is studied. The rational compositions of the molding masses of the optimal structure of cement-mineral composites providing the improvement of physical and mechanical properties are determined.

Keywords: small-piece pressed products, hard pressing, cement-mineral composites, paving slabs, screenings, volcanic tuff, trepel, granulated blast furnace slag, structure-forming additive, decaying strength

The article deals with some of the most common waste from the construction industry. These are waste generated as a result of the construction of buildings and structures, concrete scrap. At the moment in Moscow in 2018, a programme of renovation, demolition of old housing, which estimates the amount of concrete scrap will amount to more than 14 million m3. The most effective way of recycling is using waste concrete scrap including eliminations of crushing in the manufacture of concrete. The problems of processing concrete scrap associated with the accumulation of a large number of screenings of concrete scrap, which is actually not used anywhere, are considered. Their number increases very much every year. As a result of the study, the chemical and mineralogical composition of ground concrete scrap was determined, as well as the grinding was performed up to Sud = 500 m2/kg. The possibility of using these ground wastes of concrete scrap (MOBL) as an active mineral additive (AMA) for the production of cement-sand solutions is considered. Due to the significant content of silica in these wastes in crystalline and amorphous form, these wastes can be classified as silica-containing. The kinetics of hardening of cement-sand solutions using active mineral additive was studied, histograms were constructed and conclusions were formulated.

Keywords: waste, construction industry, renovation, old place, concrete scrap, recycling, active mineral additive, mineralogical composition, cement-sand mortar, kinetics of hardening

The article describes the technical condition of the building. Conclusions are presented on the influence of hydrogeological conditions changing over time on the nature of developing deformation processes. The main anti-accident measures are proposed to exclude further failure of structural elements. And the conclusions of the preliminary survey are presented, with recommendations for effective measures to eliminate the accident rate of the building.

Keywords: monument, flooding, soaking, deformations, processes, cracks, erosion of brickwork, monitoring, engineering program

When designing joints for flooring with supporting structures of roofs and floors in the form of carbon fiber strips, one of the main tasks is to determine the load acting on the joint. The article discusses the results of the calculated determination of the forces in the elements of the connection of metal beams with the flooring, depending on the value of the initial curvature as standard and over-standard. The research results can be used to design the fastening of steel decks to the load-bearing steel elements of coatings and floors made of composite materials.

Keywords: carbon fiber composite, composite materials, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), strengthening, initial deflection, metallic structures, reconstruction, structural connections, loads and actions

The article considers the regularities of the formation and the determining factors of the growth of coarsely-dispersed and aerosol entrainment of liquid, which reduces the efficiency of treatment of ventilation and technological emissions in apparatuses for wet gas cleaning, the operation of which is based on intensive modes of liquid and gas interaction. The problem of separation of fine liquid drops contained in the aerosol entrainment is outlined. The operating conditions modes of the separating devices of mist eliminators of existing designs were analyzed and summarized.

Keywords: intensive apparatuses for wet gas cleaning, coarsely-dispersed and aerosol drop entrainment, separation of condensed moisture, mist eliminator

In recent years, studies have begun on the possibility of using anhydrite binders. However, the slow hardening makes it difficult to use this binder for residential and civil construction. The elimination of these difficulties is possible as a result of a deep and comprehensive study of the hardening process of anhydrite binder and the properties of the resulting stone, will make it possible to develop a technology for the manufacture of various building structures based on this binder.

Keywords: Investigation of the properties of a material based on a modified anhydrite binder

In the process of designing buildings and structures – capital construction objects, all the necessary surveys are carried out on the construction site, regulated by the current regulatory documents. An important role in choosing the type of foundations is played by the results of the performed engineering and geological surveys. The heterogeneity of engineering and geological strata, even within one specific site, can force designers to reflect in design decisions different ways of laying foundations for the same loads and number of floors of residential buildings, including standard series. Performing calculations in modern software systems perfectly solves design problems. Based on the results of the calculations, it is possible to optimally select the material and cross-section of the main load-bearing structures, taking into account the requirements of operational reliability and durability. However, during the construction process, there may be factors that are not taken into account during the design, which can have a negative impact on the load-bearing capacity and subsequent operation of the object. One of these factors may be a sudden deterioration in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil base, caused by both objective and subjective reasons. At the same time, the construction of the object is carried out above the zero cycle, the foundations and part of the floors have already been completed. The article provides examples of technical solutions to prevent the roll of a multi-storey building under construction, caused by an unplanned deterioration of the properties of the foundation soil, in the area of D. Ostrovtsy of the Ramenskoye city district of the Moscow Region. The results of the work are given and analyzed. The causes of negative processes are investigated. The results of the study can be useful in the design and subsequent construction of modern buildings in similar conditions.

Keywords: foundation, ground, foundation, sediment, roll, monitoring, construction

Organizational and technological modeling as applied to the processes of reconstruction of buildings of higher education institutions is based on the division of models into structural and functional components - a model of the spatial and technological structure and a functional model of the process of reconstruction of a building of higher education institutions. The article discusses the organization of the work site with the technological sequence of the flow of work processes. Taking this into account, graphs of works were compiled by stages, showing the possibility of parallel production of works, as well as showing the necessary work preceding them. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the effectiveness of the application of the methodology of organizational and technical modeling to increase organizational efficiency.

Keywords: technological process, reconstruction, university building, resource and technological module, energy saving, energy efficiency increase, structural element, network schedule, digraph, work operation

The article presents a comparison of architectural and planning solutions of social housing in the USSR, modern Russia and abroad. The socio-economic prerequisites of mass development in our country in different years are briefly considered. General disadvantages of design solutions of old and modern houses are analyzed, such as lack of unique architecture, small variety of layouts and insufficient area of apartments. The purpose of the article is to identify the shortcomings of typical development in domestic construction and to search for redevelopment directions to increase the comfort of small-sized housing, taking into account the individual preferences of residents. The article presents the main possibilities of improving the comfort of inexpensive residential premises. Several areas of redevelopment of small-sized apartments are offered, such as expanding the useful area by changing the purpose of small-used passage zones, redistributing the area by highlighting various functional zones, applying a circular layout and the effects of visual volume increase.Possibilities to increase comfort of small area housing are described: expansion of useful area by transformation of underutilized zones, redistribution of area with allocation of separate functional zones, use of circular layout. In the future, it is proposed to expand the range of unique architectural and planning solutions in modern construction.

Keywords: apartment, small area, redevelopment, housing improvement, planning solution, functional zone, comfort, social housing, affordable housing